A guide to Parkinson’s disease

What is Parkinson’s?

Parkinson’s Disease is a progressive neurological condition that affects the nervous system. It is where parts of the brain becomes progressively damaged over time due to the malfunction of vital nerve cells in the brain. Caring for someone with Parkinson’s can be physically and emotionally demanding. Home care providers can give family caregivers a much-needed break, allowing them to recharge and avoid burnout.

What are the causes of Parkinson’s ?

Parkinson’s disease is caused by the loss of nerve cells in a part of the brain. This leads to a reduction of dopamine in the brain. Dopamine is essential in regulating the movement of the body. Researchers believe that it results from a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Exactly what causes the loss of nerve, however, is still unknown.

Early signs and symptoms

Symptoms usually begin gradually. There are 3 main symptoms of Parkinson’s:

• Tremors or involuntary shaking of parts of the body
• Rigidity or stiff and inflexible muscles
• Slow movement

Someone with Parkinson’s can also experience a wide range of other physical and psychological symptoms which can include:

• Anxiety, depression, and low mood
• Loss of taste and smell
• Changes in sleep pattern or insomnia
• Memory and cognitive problems
• Balance and posture problems that can lead to falls

Diagnosis and progression

There is no one single test that can diagnose Parkinson’s. Your GP will first base the diagnosis on symptoms, medical history, and a detailed physical examination. In the early stages, the GP may find it difficult to diagnose due to the symptoms being mild. If Parkinson’s is suspected, you will be referred to a specialist, usually a neurologist or geriatrician. A series of physical exercises will be performed to assess any problems with movement. A diagnosis will then be made should you have at least 2 of 3 of the main symptoms.

In beginning stages, symptoms are mild and unlikely to significantly affect one’s ability to function. In advanced stages, symptoms become more severe, and the person diagnosed with Parkinson’s will require varying levels of assistance with daily living.

Stage 1: Symptoms only on 1 side of the body including intermittent tremor and rigidity on one hand or side of the body.

Stage 2: Symptoms are now present on both sides of the body which may include abnormal speech, stooped posture, and stiffness or rigidity of muscles.

Stage 3: This is characterised by loss of balance and symptoms from stages 1 and 2 will also be present, making the diagnosis straightforward.

Stages 4: On top of the above symptoms, the person is now possibly using walking aids.

Stage 5: Constant support is now required which may be characterised by confinement to a bed or wheelchair. Cognitive problems as well as hallucinations and delusions may also be experienced.

Living with Parkinson’s

While there is no cure, therapies and interventions can significantly improve quality of life:

• Supportive therapies like physiotherapy, occupational therapy, and speech therapy
• Medication such as levodopa and other dopaminergic treatments
• In some cases, surgical interventions (e.g., deep brain stimulation)

Maintaining regular contact with healthcare providers, updating care plans, and involving family or carers are essential for effective management

Living with early-onset Parkinson’s

When symptoms occur between ages 21–50, it’s termed early-onset or young-onset Parkinson’s disease. While clinical features mirror those of later-onset cases, younger individuals may:

• Experience slower disease progression
• Face more medication-related side effects
• Encounter dystonia more frequently (e.g., foot cramping or abnormal postures)
• Be more likely to have a family history of Parkinson’s

Psychologically and socially, early-onset or young-onset Parkinson’s disease can be especially challenging.

Finding support

Your medical team will be one of your main sources of Parkinson’s information and help. You will have many questions and you should not be afraid or embarrassed to ask your doctor or medical team. Your team will have years of experience in treating Parkinson’s so good two-way communication will allow the tram to tailor the treatment to you and your individual needs.

Parkinson’s UK is the main Parkinson support and research charity in the UK. They will be able to direct you to the support groups in your local area.

The future of Parkinson’s research

Hope for breakthroughs continues. Recent studies, including one on the prostate medication Terazosin, have shown potential in protecting brain cells by activating the enzyme PGK1. This, although early, could inform future treatments. Another promising research avenue is genetic. Mutations in the GBA1 gene are known risk factors. While previous attempts focused on modifying the mutated enzyme, new strategies aim to enhance healthy, non-mutated enzymes and have shown preliminary improvements in cell models.

Organisations such as Parkinson’s UK are championing multiple research pathways that aim to improve patient lives and, eventually, find a cure.

How can Cavendish Homecare help?

We understand that a Parkinson’s diagnosis is a sensitive time for both the patient and their families. At Cavendish Homecare, our specialist nursing care and trustworthy support can make an impact on how you cope with the diagnosis. Our team of Homecare Managers, Registered Nurses and Carers have an abundance of experience and are experts at providing emotional and practical care and support for anyone who wishes to remain in their own homes while you receive treatment, recover from surgery, or manage medications.

If you would like to enquire about our specialist Parkinson’s care, contact us on 02030085210 or email us at info@cavendishhomecare.com.